Safety of our food supply

Joshua McDade

Section 5

Safety of our Food Supply
With more and more public outbreaks, sickness,
and deaths due to comtamidation of certain foods,
the notion that the safety of our food supply is
insufficient has become a major topic for debate
in our society.
Outline
-Agencies that regulate food safety
-Historic outbreaks regarding food contamination
-Problems with food safety
-Measures to improve food safety

The Government's Role
-The U.S. Government plays a larger role in
securing our food supply than any other.
-While careless manufactorors and greedy
executives are usually blamed for food
contamination, the public looks to the
government to enforce safety laws.
-The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is
responsible for preventing contaminated drugs
from getting onto the U.S. market.

U.S. Food & Drug Administration

-The FDA has existed for more than 100 years
-Regulates $417 billion worth of domestic food &
$49 billion worth of imported food each year
-The FDA Food Protection Plan builds on:
-Prevention
-Intervention

The prevention plan calls for:
-increasing corporate responsibility to prevent foodborne
illnesses
-identifying food vulnerabilities and assess risks
-expanding the understanding and use of effective
mitigation measures

The intervention plan calls for:
-focus inspections and sampling based on risk
- enhance risk-based surveillance
-improve the detection of food system “signals” that
indicate contamination

The response plan calls for:
-improve immediate response
-improve risk communications to the public, industry
and other stakeholders


Environmental Protection Agency
-The EPA also has a hand in the safety of our
food supply in the United States.
-EPA's mission related to pesticides is to protect
public health and the environment from risks
posed by pesticides and to promote safer
means of pest control.
-Pesticides are used to protect food from pests, such as
insects, rodents, weeds, mold, and bacteria.
-When improperly used or stored, pesticides can potentially
be harmful to humans, wildlife and the environment.


Pesticides in Food
-A study by the University of Hong Kong states
that up to 13% of their vegetables contain
illegal pesticides.

Food Contamination
-The following graph shows all diagosed cases
of infection from 1996 to 2006 relative to the
number of cases in 1996-1998.

All diseases except Vibrio1 have reported less
cases since 1998.

[1] Any of a group of aquatic, comma-shaped bacteria in the family Vibrionaceae. Some species cause serious diseases in humans.
Public Outbreaks from Food
-Salmonella Saintpaul Outbreak (2008)
- Caused by jalapeño peppers and Serrano peppers
grown in Mexico

1442 persons infected; identified
from 43 states, the District of
Columbia, and Canada
●The outbreak strain was isolated
from samples of jalapeño peppers
collected in a US warehouse and
a patient's home and from
samples of serrano peppers and
water collected on a farm in
Mexico.

2.
-Salmonella Typhimurium: Peanut Products
-an ingredient-driven outbreak
-many different products that were distributed
through various channels and consumed in various
settings
-more than 2,100 products in 17 categories have
been voluntarily recalled by more than 200
companies
-six deaths and 107 hospitalizations among the 486
people sickened in 43 U.S. states and one
Canadian province

3. Salmonella Tennessee:
Peter Pan Peanut Butter
and Great Value Peanut
Butter
- faulted by a leaky roof and
malfunctioning sprinkler
system at a production
facility in plant in Sylvester,
Georgia
-linked to more than 600
cases of Salmonella
poisoning in 2007

Food Safety Legislation

-One of President Obama's
concerns is the nation's food
safety system.
- Obama: The nation's food safety
system is a hazard to public
health and overdue for an
overhaul

-The current budget only allows up to a fraction of
150,000 food processing plants to be inspected
-The administration wants more funding for
inspections
-Another approach is a ban on the slaughter of
"downer" cows (too sick or weak to stand on their
own), to keep them out of the food supply. They
pose a higher risk of having mad cow disease, E.
coli and other infections.
-More inspectors are needed and laboratories
need to be modernized for the 21st century.

Summary

There are many food hazards that we need to
know about and how to prevent them from
integrating with our food supply. The government,
suppliers, and consumers need to be aware of all
these hazards:
-Microorganisms
-Chemicals naturally present
-Chemicals produced by cooking
-Environmental Contaminants
- Pesticides
-Additives

References
-U.S. Food & Drug Administration. http://www.fda.gov
-Department of Health and Human Services. Food Protection
Plan, Nov 2007. http://www.fda.gov/oc/initiatives/advance/food/plan.html
-Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. Salmonella
outbreak, Aug 2008. http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/saintpaul/
-Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. http://www.britannica.com
-WebMD. Peanut Butter Outbreak Rages On, Jan 2009.
http://www.webmd.com
-NewsInferno.com. Peter Pan Peanut Butter Back In Stores
Following Salmonella Recall, Aug 2007. http://www.newsinferno.com

Wedding Foods Around the World

Anna Whitlock

•Section 5

What do you think of when you see this picture?

I think of wedding cake, please let me share with you a little bit about wedding foods around the world.

Traditional African Wedding Food

Coconuts, stewed vegetables, and meat are often found at traditional African weddings. Also, a bread called “injera” is often provided. This is a flatbread that is supplemented in place of utensils to scoop up the meat or veggies stews. The Liberian Coconut Bread is often served which is similar to having a cake like texture. Majority of traditional African wedding drinks include pineapples or coconuts. Examples, are like a pineapple spice drink or spicy ginger beer.

Liberian coconut bread

Injera

Spicy Ginger Beer

Chicken

in peanut tomato sauce is popular in Sub-Saharan Africa). Poulet’ Mo

ambe is chicken cooked in Moambe sauce which is made from a red ripe fruit.

Liboke’ de Viande is a banana leaf that has some kind of m

eat or poultry and it is grilled on a grill or roasted in a p

ot. Fufu is similar to porridge and y

ou can make it by boiling starchy vegetables.

Fufu

Food Means More than You Think!

At a traditional Chinese wedding there are eight courses served. Typi

cally the Chinese foods sym

bolize prosperity and extended life at weddings. Appetizers sym

bolize the dragon (feminine) and phoenix (masculin

e) symbol. Peking dish

which is a red dish is often served at this type of wedding. The Chinese usually only pick fowl to serve that mate for

life such as duck or geese. Chicken a

nd duck are served b

ecause it can symbolize a man and a woman in their new relationship. A sea cucumber that is served represen

ts harmony and lack of conflict between the marriage. Drinks served consist of tea, alcohol, and 7-Up since “up” sounds like happiness in the Chinese culture.

Chinese Tea…..You See-

According to Lovel

y Mementos:

(http://www.lovelymomentos.com/articles/2008/tradition-symbolic-food-for-chinese-wedding/)

Since tea used to be such a luxury to get it was often used a

s a engagement present for th

e future bride-to-be.

In the present Chinese culture accepting tea is the same saying “yes” to a long term engagement.

Also, another tradition that is ti

ed with the Chinese cultur

e involves a pig’s heart! The bride uses a pig’s heart along with other spices and ingredients to cook a soup. Then she gives the food to her in-laws the day of the wedding which symbolizes “all

of one heart”.

Hawaii Wedding Foods

• American, Chinese, Filipin

o, Japanese, Korean, Polynesian

a

nd Portuguese are all

incorporated into traditional Hawaii wedding foods.

• Some foods that you might find at your aloha table!

• Sweet and sour pineapple country ribs

• creamy portuguese grits wi

th sauted shrimp

• hirame sashimi with ponzu

sauce

• crabmeat stuffedhirame

• moi poke

• poached or fried moi with shoyu sauce

• vegetab

le tofu

• chicken salad

• crab cakes

• lobster and salmon

• Fresh fruit might include

pineapple, mangos, coconut

s, kiwi, oranges and star anise.

•

Traditional Mexican W

edding Foods

Might consist of beans, tortilla dishes (with chicken or beef), and spicy rice. Also, a popular drink that is served is called Sangria. This drink is made from red or white whine mixed with brandy, sugar, soda water, and fruit juice. Sangria is a cold drink.

Recognize this picture?

Some people have tried Mexican Wedding

Cookies. Howe

ver, this food is really a universal holiday treat. It might be linked to when people would save

rich and expensive foods for very special event. Th

is tasty treat was imported by Moors to S

pain. The sugary delight was introduced into the new world in the 16th century and finally popped up in American cookbooks in the 1950’s!

(http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodcookies.html#

mexicanweddingcakes)

“Cor’ko” is a Russian toast that means “bitter”

• Alcohol is a must at most traditional weddi

ngs! Typicall

y what is served for toast is champagne. Also, beer is served especially on the second day if they have a 2-day wedding ceremony!

• Some foods that are s

erved include “borsch” which is beetroot s

oup with vegetables, potatoes, and meat. Another popular food is “ukha” that consist of fresh water fish, onions, potatoes. It is a soup.

• “Pelmini” is a typical R

ussian wedding food that is like ravioli except it can be ea

ten with a broth.

• An interesting fact for Russian weddings is that people are supposed to buy their utensils to eat with. Russian’s c

onsider it tacky to bring some from home. The money earne

d from purchasing the forks, spoons, and knives are given in honor to the b

ride and groom!

•

http://www.womenrussia.com/wedding2.htm (Russian Wedding Protocol)

Here is What Russian Wedding Foods Might Look Like

According to the website above, the reason Russian Wedd

ings have so many soups provided is because

it helps with hangovers really well.

Pelmini

Borsch Ukha

Traditional Scottish Wedding Foods

• Smokies (wood-smoked haddock)

• Scottish beef

• Scotch broth (Mutton broth and

vegetables)

•

Black bun (rich fruit cake)

• Colcannon (Stew that contains broiled cabbage, turnips, potatoes, & carrots)

• Scotch meat pies

“Blackening” has a whole new meaning!

A Scottish wedding tradition is for the bride to be “blackened” and covered with spoiled food such as eggs, sauces etc. After all is said and done the bride is taken and

shown around town.

Traditional Jewish Wedding Food

• The rabbi usually blesses the bread which is called “Challah” before the meal

begins. The bride and groom usually give little pieces to their guests.

• Pick a meat or diary to serve. However

, you can never serve both at a wedding. Do not serve pork or shellfish either.

• A traditional ashkenazi jewish wedding typically serves roasted chicken with potatoes and vegetables.

• Shepardic jews typically serve lamb and rice.

• Usually a cake is served that is appropriate for jewish weddings and usually some kind of fruit is served as well.

What Traditional Hindu Wedding Food Is……..

• They usually eat foods such as curry, creamy rice or bean dishes, pastas, roasted potatoes and breads.

• Post-wedding foods typically start becoming non-vegetarian.

• A hot drink that might be served might contain brewed milk with cashews, almonds, pistachios, saffron and sugar.

• Instead of a cake the bride and groom usually feed each other 5 bites of sweet food that contain honey and yogurt mixed together.

Traditional Algonquin (Native American) Wedding Food:

• Frye Bread

• Venison (deer meat)

• Squash

• Beans

• Corn

• Corn soup

• Potato soup

• Fruit such as blueberries, the “heart” berry, strawberries, and raspberries.

• Elders eat first and then the officiant. After that

the bride and groom can. Next the guest are allowed to eat.

Also, none of the food is wasted. It has to be eaten or given away to elders.

Venison Frye Bread

http://www.weddingdetails.com/lore/native.cfm (Algonquin Wedding Feast)

http://www.ehow.com/how_4523472_include-african-culture-wedding.html?ref=fuel&utm_source=yahoo&utm_medium=ssp&utm_campaign=yssp_art (African Wedding Foods)

http://www.essortment.com/lifestyle/hinduweddingsf_twyd.htm (Hindu Wedding Foods)

http://www.africanchop.com/coconutbread.jpg (Liberian Coconut Bread Image)

http://www.lovelymomentos.com/articles/2008/tradition-symbolic-food-for-chinese-wedding/ (Lovely Memento’s)

http://www.weddingdetails.com/lore/mexican.cfm (Mexican Wedding Food)

http://www.weddingmapper.com/photos/0/87/64924_l.jpg (Mexican Wedding Dish)

http://www.womenrussia.com/wedding2.htm (Russian Wedding Protocol)

http://www.eventective.com/blog/weddings/2008/06/11/worlds-bizarre-wedding-customs/ (Scottish Wedding “ Blackening”)

http://www.congocookbook.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=899 (Traditional African Wedding Food)

http://www.ehow.com/how_2081495_plan-traditional-jewish-wedding-meal.html (Traditional Jewish Wedding Foods)

http://www.foodtv.ca/weddings/ContentDetail.aspx?ContentId=2730 (Traditional Scottish Wedding Food)

http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodcookies.html#mexicanweddingcakes (Wedding Cookies Timeline)

http://www.weddingdetails.com/lore/hawaii.cfm#food (Wedding Foods in Hawaii)

Images

• http://www.hyannisdaysinn.com/nss-folder/pictures/Wedding-Cake.jpg (Wedding Cake Image)

• http://www.bluespringmanor.com/images/wedding-buffet-tbl-lg.jpg (Wedding Buffet Image)

• http://www.weddingsinsedona.com/images/Native_american_weddings01.jpg (Image of Native American Background)

• https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxntkNMKoEc0Y2iFfq07PLXuCJ5hgBOekPjBkz6VjurqD2RNjBLEKtj8f2MXgQ2acX36-eQhGrr1rk5mdT9qvBi9j_3JDdI4DLsk0PrTUs83G7qvebr0JDpWhM7CTeVUJv_BzzurUMqbA/s400/13004a.jpg ( Image of Portuguese grits with sautéed shrimp)

• http://www.atlantasushibar.com/appetizer/files/attach/images/101/650/IMG_0154.jpg (Ponzo Sauce)

• http://www.spicelines.com/IMG_4001.JPG ( Image of Star Anise)

• http://69.90.174.250/photos/display_pic_with_logo/9742/9742,1228535633,2.jpg (Image of Salmon)

• http://images.allrecipes.com/site/allrecipes/area/community/userphoto/small/84424.jpg (Image of Chicken Salad)

• https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGmegqhikCJkzqDGJy-o3VRyX1P5STCZe-SY1S-ecsbvIjLxZZk8wPJDxDqENJ6k83PK78gFMSR_MR3dzuvgqszq25zFIlhdNT6OmtZdzefEdYRapeEiue8JYY6O9Mih9kioY9wNiAVeY0/s400/Maui_2008+036.jpg ( Image of Crab Cakes)

• http://www.onlineembroiderydesigner.com/cgi-images/RL0003.JPG (Image Star of David)

• http://hannahgarippa.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/challah-bread-l.jpg (Image of Challah)

• http://farm1.static.flickr.com/46/146265797_cd2b6bfe95.jpg ( Chinese Wedding Dish)

• https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCStnXDlMg1G4PduiXlBg5hu3r2C_grnbOMt8J8nM-xD4Jjqsfcl1EvAKVRfSj1aKVS7AoyMceWIqlhT-IJVd3GY7cO2K0wBw0pHxWJo4bO9Tn9AcZoSN5-FY9vT-NAlQop7J01KTwpzHO/s400/IMG_1128.JPG (Tortilla Dish)

• http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/faculty/hodgson/Courses/so191/Projects2007/Borello/October16/Mexican_Flag.jpg (Mexican Flag)

• http://www.glasgowguide.co.uk/recipes%20images/Scotch%20Broth.jpg (Image Scottish Broth)

• http://www.schaer.com/smartedit/images/rezepte/schottischerfruechtekuchen_en.jpg (Image Black Bun)

• http://thepassionatecook.typepad.com/thepassionatecook/images/colcannon_portrait.jpg (Image Colcannon)

• http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/40534000/jpg/_40534695_scotchpieabove203.jpg (Image Scotch Pie)

• http://new-surfingtips.com/Hawaii-surf-2008.jpg (Image of Hawaii)

• http://eatscotland.visitscotland.com/food-drink/scottish-food/meat/beef.html (Image Scottish Beef)

• http://www.donaldrussell.com/PUBLIC/PICTURES/PRODUCTS/LARGE/buy_fish_arbroath_smokies_from_online_butcher.jpg (Image Smokies)

• http://files.turbosquid.com/Preview/Content_on_10_27_2006_05_51_56/bagpipe_im1_persp.tga769c1cd3-bdcf-4e65-97d2-953aaace0351Large.jpg (Image of Scottish Bagpipes)

• http://www.notempire.com/images/uploads/gingerbeer-01.jpg (Image of African Ginger Beer)

• http://www.pjchmiel.com/photo/food/africanhut-fufu2.jpg (Image of Fufu)

• http://www.33ff.com/flags/XL_flags/Russia_flag.gif (Image of Russian Flag)

• http://www.russianfamily.net/images/rf_borsch.jpg (Image of Borsch)

• http://www.travellady.com/images/realrussian2.jpg (Image of Ukha)

• http://www.travellersworldwide.com/Images2000/photos-russia/food/pelmini.jpg (Image of Pelmini)

• http://s6.photobucket.com/albums/y240/Thousandbars/?action=view&current=Jets08.jpg (Image of Russian Beer)

• http://www.eng.umu.se/vw/Culture/wedding.jpg (Image of African Wedding)

• http://www.iaej.org.il/graphics/injera.jpg (Image of Injera)

• http://www.cameronlicensing.com/Content/Images/image_0372_0000.jpg (7 Up Logo)

• http://chinesefood.about.com/library/weekly/aa060499.htm (Chinese Wedding Feast)

• http://www.chinesesymbolsmeaning.com/chinese-symbols/p/prosperity.gif (Chinese Symbol for Prosperity)

• http://blog.shapingyouth.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/8.gif ( Chinese Lucky Number)

• http://www.china-family-adventure.com/images/chinese-dragon-and-phoenix.jpg ( Chinese Symbol Dragon and Phoenix)

• http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1059/1182784066_ffd18575e7.jpg (Chinese Wedding Duck)

Chinese Food Culture

Ashley Whitmore

Section 4

In the Chinese culture it is a commendable custom to respect everyone at the table; this includes the elderly, guests, and teachers. While doing this, children have to be taking good care of. The Chinese practice presenting the fine or best food first to the elderly of the family which has been observed for countless generations.

The hosts in China are known as very friendly and hospitable but you should still show respect to them. When invited to dinner before eating you should wait until the host offers a greeting. If a person was to eat before this it would be shown as a sign of disrespect which causes displeasure.

The meal is placed on the table by arranging the main courses in the center and the other dishes evenly around them. The main dishes are to be prepared in a decorative way either by cut or some other mean and will be placed facing the elder and major guest at the table.

China is known as the hometown of chopsticks. The culture of chopsticks has a very long history and is now used as table ware in countries such as Vietnam, North Korea and South Korea. It is said that the chopsticks reflects the Chinese wisdom of ancient people. This is because they can nip, pick, rip and stir food. Some consider the chopstick to be a lucky gift for marriage or other ceremonies. For more details visit http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/cuisine.htm and click on the link Chinese Chopsticks.

When eating meals the Chinese have a rule "waste not, want not". This means that every part of a plant or animal is used. In China cooking is seen as an art. The Chinese allow for a creative and stylistic touch when cooking rather than following step by step instructions. Chinese cooking has many distinctive features. It is varied with flavor which is caused by differences in climate, products, habits, and customs. The taste of sweet, salty, sour, hot are even divided. Sweetness is in the south, saltiness is in the north, sourness is in the east, and hotness is found in the west.
There are four seasons and the Chinese season and match food with the variation of the season. The flavor is light and cool in the summer while pure and thick in the winter. During the winter the foods are mostly braised, stewed, and simmered. While in the summer the food is cold and dressed with sauce and frozen.

Chinese dishes are named by main ingredients, in accordance with historical literary quotations, myths, legends, the interesting events of celebrities taking food, supplementary ingredients and seasoning, or for the cooking methods or called in the image of dishes, such as "beggar's chicken" (roasted chicken in yellow mud) "family collections (made of all sorts of seafood and river food)", "red lion's head (fried meatballs in brown sauce)". For more detailed information visit http://www.chinatravel.com/facts/chinese-food/chinese-cooking-art.htm.

In China certain foods have different meanings and occasions, which can only be eaten by a specific individual, or the kind of food must be eaten during a specific occasion. If an honored guest is present the individual will be served a snapper’s head or shell to hail him or show warm welcome. Seniors and youngsters in China are fed long noodles because it is a symbol of longevity. For more information of the food symbolism used in China visit http://www.warriortours.com/intro/cuisine_culture.htm.

Works Cited
http://www.chinatravel.com/facts/chinese-food/chinese-cooking-art.htm
http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/cuisine.htm
http://www.warriortours.com/intro/cuisine_culture.htm

How to Properly Use Chopsticks

Step One:
• Place one chopstick in the crook of your thumb and index finger. The chopstick should be at the base of your thumb and your thumb should be about 1/3 the way down from the broad end of the chopstick.

Step Two
• Rest the chopstick on your ring finger between ½ way and 2/3 the way down the chopstick. The first chopstick should now be very stable with one end securely between your thumb and index finger and the other end resting on your ring finger.

Step Three
• Place the second chopstick in your hand the way you would hold a pen. It should rest slightly on the tip of your thumb and be held into place with support from your middle finger.

Step Four
• Use your index and middle fingers to practice moving the tip of the top chopstick up and down. The bottom chopstick should remain relatively still. As you move the top one down the tip should meet up with the tip of the bottom one.

Step Five
• Imagine you are pinching something. If the tips aren't meeting up, adjust one chopstick so they do because it will be very difficult to pick anything up if the two chopsticks aren't evenly aligned.

Step Six
• Attempt to pick up some food! Start with large chunks of food like chopped up vegetables or meat. Once you get the hang of that you can try the trickier foods like rice and grains.

Step Seven
• Practice Practice Practice!
•
•
• If you are more of a visual learner here is a video that also show how to use them.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N3Ax_hL33mI&feature=related
• http://www.gomestic.com/Cooking/How-to-Use-Chopsticks-in-Seven-Easy-Steps.39217

Birthday Celebrations

Lindsay Shuler
Section 5








Food is the ultimate gathering necessity and over the years all cultures as a whole have added certain things that symbolized important things in their lives. For example, in Northern China, wheat noodles are used as a sign of longevity and put in a birthday soup, to help the person have a long and prosperous life. In all cultures there are different rituals that are done each birthday, some may include food and others may not.

It wasn’t until about a century ago, in the United States when birthday cakes took their role. Years before this, “cakes” were made from yeast resembling a pancake and used as a treat for the birthday celebrant. Cakes began to include dried fruit or fruit filling for special occasions in Europe during the fourteenth century. In the sixteenth century an Italian baker started making cakes with eggs and sugar rather than using yeast, giving it a lighter, more fluffy texture. This trend grew rapidly, but without more modern technology it was hard for the regular household to make one of these cakes, so at this time this was usually left up to a professional baker or pastry chef.

By the turn of the twentieth century, more modern products were being made to aid housewives in making cakes and other baked goods. Women’s magazines and newspapers were advertising for these products and also including some new recipes for them to try with their new products. Since cake making was made so easy, the spread of lavish, homemade cakes grew in a hurry. Layered cakes, frosting, decorations were of the utmost importance when making a cake.
When the birthday cake came into the spotlight, they were used for centerpieces at large parties or banquets and the more detailed the cake was, the more important was the event. In many instances, the way the cake was decorated meant more than how it tasted. I am sure that this is a changed in today’s times, but from looking at some of the cakes it seems that if the more decorated the cake was, it meant that the family or recipient had money.

Birthday cakes have come a long way from their plain fruit-filled shape back in the early European days. The American birthday cake in today’s time is a symbol of the person whom is being celebrated. For example, a cartoon character for a small child or a hobby for an older adult. Whichever it may be, the cake is the most important thing at a birthday party.

How do we know it’s a birthday cake?

This question has only one answer and it is the candles. Atop a finely created cake there should always be glowing candles. The candles resemble time, and represent how old a person is. This idea comes from mainly religious influences and signify a long life span.

Over time we have developed many birthday rituals and no birthday party is complete without them. First, the presenting of the cake is always accompanied by the “Happy Birthday” song, and then followed by the birthday boy/girl making a secret wish and blowing out the candles. In many other countries they have their own version of the song, and is sung in the same tune or sometimes different, but always in their native language. For younger children, the birthday party is to promote health and growth over the upcoming year and in older people it celebrates another year of life and gives encouragement for a youthful year to come. But all birthday’s should include birthday spankings, and in many American homes they give the recipient “one to grow on.”

Birthdays and birthday cakes have come a long way from the centuries before now, but now no ones special day is complete without one of these wonderful, meaningful, and delicious creations.





www.google.com/images/birthdaycakes
http://www.enotes.com/food-encyclopedia/birthday-foods
http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodcakes.html#poundcake
http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodcookies.html#shortbread